I've also had a similar problem, regarding case-sensitivity of the login name used vs. what is in the DB.
I don't remember exactly, but it was something like if you don't have the casing of the login name correct, you will be approved at the login form, but the cookie comparison will fail (and so you'll be redirected to the login form).
Also, IIRC (possibly not), a mixed-case name can cause problems, because some places convert the user name to all lowercase, but it is inconsistent where it changes everything to lowercase, so sometimes it fails, and other times it does not. (I will need to confirm this for sure)
I ended up having to login to my DB directly and change my username to an all-lower name, and then make sure that I only use the all-lower version of the login.
Hope this helps - let us know if anything works!
-sean