Replicate your first line of code:
$wpdb->query("INSERT INTO $wpdb->categories (cat_ID, cat_name, category_nicename, category_count, category_description) VALUES ('0', '".addslashes(__('Uncategorized'))."', '".sanitize_title(__('Uncategorized'))."', 1, '')");
And simply change both instances of 'Uncategorized' to whatever you want your new category called. If you're adding a default post to your new default category, leave the second-to-last variable as '1', otherwise change it '0' since there won't be any posts there to start off with.
Unfortunately, by default Blogroll's category ID will be set to 2, even if your new default category is occupying that ID number. To allow Blogroll to keep a unique category ID, take the second line:
$blogroll_id = $wpdb->get_var( "SELECT cat_ID FROM {$wpdb->sitecategories} WHERE category_nicename = 'blogroll'" );
and tack on '+a' right before the semicolon, where 'a' is the number of additional default categories you've added. There might be a cleaner way to do this, but this works for me.